Información de la revista
Vol. 53. Núm. 5.
Páginas 422-430 (Noviembre 2000)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 53. Núm. 5.
Páginas 422-430 (Noviembre 2000)
Acceso a texto completo
Ecocistografía con contraste: una nueva modalidad de imagen para diagnosticar el reflujo vesicoureteral
Cystosonography with echoenhancer. a new imaging technique for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux
Visitas
17491
T. Berrocal Frutosa,*, F. Gayá Morenob, N. Gómez Leóna, E. Jaureguízar Monereoc
a Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico
b Unidad de Apoyo a la Investigación
c Servicio de Urología. Hospital Infantil La Paz. Madrid
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Abstract
Objetivo

Analizar la utilidad de la ecografía realzada con un medio de contraste ecopotenciador (ecocistografía) para diagnosticar el reflujo vesicoureteral, comparando los resultados de esta nueva modalidad de imagen con los de la cistouretrografía miccional convencional (CUMS).

Pacientes y métodos

Se incluyeron 169 pacientes (293 unidades renales) con edades comprendidas entre 3 días y 18 años y se estudiaron con ultrasonidos para valorar la existencia de reflujo vesicoureteral, después de rellenar la vejiga con suero salino mezclado con una suspensión de galactosa y ácido palmítico (LevografÒ) que actúa como agente ecopotenciador. Se obtuvieron imágenes ecográficas tanto durante el llenado vesical como durante la micción. Esta exploración fue siempre seguida de una CUMS durante la misma sesión diagnóstica.

Resultados

En 50 unidades renales se detectó reflujo vesicoureteral pasivo tanto en ecocistografía como en la CUMS. En 22 unidades se detectó reflujo pasivo únicamente en la ecocistografía y en tres se detectó reflujo pasivo en la CUMS y la ecocistografía fue negativa. En 56 unidades renales se detectó reflujo activo por ambos procedimientos. En 17 unidades se objetivó reflujo activo en la ecocistografía y la CUMS fue normal y en cinco se observó reflujo activo en la CUMS y la ecocistografía no consiguió demostrarlo. Considerando el reflujo globalmente, de las 293 unidades renales totales, en 204 (69,6%) no se encontró reflujo vesicoureteral por ninguno de los dos procedimientos y en 63 (21,5%) unidades se detectó reflujo en ambos, independientemente de si éste era activo o pasivo. En 19 unidades se observó reflujo vesicoureteral (activo o pasivo) sólo en la ecocistografía y en siete unidades se encontró únicamente en la CUMS. La sensibilidad de la ecocistografía para detectar reflujo frente a la CUMS fue del 90,5% y la especificidad del 91,4%.

Conclusiones

La ecocistografía es una modalidad de imagen útil para diagnosticar el reflujo vesicoureteral, suficientemente sensible y específica, y presenta la ventaja sobre la CUMS de que no es necesario utilizar radiaciones ionizantes.

Key words:
Cystosonography
Micturating cystourethrography
Vesicoureteral reflux
Children
Resumen
Objective

To analyze the utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the bladder and kidneys (cystosonography) for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) by comparing the results of this new imaging modality with those of micturating cystourethrography (MCU).

Material and methods

A total of 169 patients (293 kidney units) aged between 3 days and 18 years were sonographically evaluated for the presence of VUR after filling the bladder with saline and a galactose and palmitic acid suspension (Levograf) as an echo-enhancing agent. Ultrasonographic images were obtained during bladder filling and micturation. This procedure was always followed by MCU during the same diagnostic session.

Results

In 50 kidney units both cystosonography and MUR detected VUR during bladder filling. In 22 units, only cystosonography detected passive reflux during bladder filling and in 3 only MCU did so. In 56 units, both methods detected active VUR during micturation. In 17 units, only cystosonography detected active reflux during micturation, the results of MCU being normal, and in 5, only MCU detected active reflux. Overall, of the 293 kidney units, VUR was not detected by either of the imaging modalities in 204 (69.6%) and was detected by both methods, irrespective of whether it was active or passive, in 63 (21.5%). In 19 units, VUR (active or passive) was observed only by cystosonography and in 7 only by MCU. When MCU was used as the reference method, cystosonography had a sensitivity of 90.5% and a specificity of 91.4%.

Conclusions

Contrast-enhanced cystosonography is a reliable modality, with sufficient sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of VUR and does not expose patients to ionizing radiation.

Palabras clave:
Ecocistografía
Cistouretrografía miccional
Reflujo vesicoureteral
Niños
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
G. Zel, A.B. Retik.
Familial vesicoureteral reflux.
Urology, 2 (1973), pp. 249-254
[2.]
J.Y. Dwoskin.
Sibling uropathology.
J Urol, 115 (1976), pp. 726-732
[3.]
Screening for reflux. [Editorial].
Lancet, 2 (1978), pp. 23-33
[4.]
P.R. Lewy, A.B. Belman.
Familial occurrence of nonobstructive, noninfectious vesicoureteral reflux with renal scarring.
J Pediatr, 86 (1975), pp. 851-856
[5.]
G.R. Jerkins, H.N. Noe.
Familial vesicoureteral reflux: a prospective study.
J Urol, 128 (1982), pp. 774-778
[6.]
L.P. Connolly, S.T. Treves, S.A. Connolly, D. Zurakowsky, J.C. Share, Z. Bar-Sever.
Vesicoureteral reflux in children: incidence severity in siblings.
J Urol, 157 (1997), pp. 2287-2290
[7.]
H.N. Noe, R.J. Wyatt, J.N. Peeden Jr., M.L. Rival.
The transmission of vesicoureteral reflux from parent to child.
J Urol, 148 (1992), pp. 1869-1871
[8.]
C.E. Shopfner.
Vesicoureteral reflux. Five-year re-evaluation.
Radiology, 95 (1970), pp. 637-642
[9.]
A.J. Wein, H.W. Schoenberg.
A review of 402 girls with recurrent urinary tract infection.
J Urol, 107 (1972), pp. 329-333
[10.]
G.S. Bissett III, J.L. Strife, J.S. Dunbar.
Urography and voiding cystourethrography: findings in girls with urinary tract infection.
AJR, 148 (1987), pp. 479-482
[11.]
R. Baker, W. Maxted, J. Maylath, I. Shuman.
Relation of age, sex and infection to reflux: data indicating high spontaneous cure rate in pediatric patients.
J Urol, 95 (1966), pp. 27-33
[12.]
S. Jequier, J. Jequier.
Reliability of voiding cystourethrography to detect reflux.
AJR, 153 (1989), pp. 807-810
[13.]
M.B. Nogrady, J.S. Dunbar.
The technique of roentgen investigation of the urinary tract in infants and children.
pp. 41-42
[14.]
G.W. Friedland.
The voiding cystourethrogram: an unreliable examination.
Reflux nephropathy, pp. 91-101
[15.]
C.J. Hodson.
Micturating cystography: an unassessed method of examination (editorial).
Int J Pediatr Nephrol, 1 (1980), pp. 2-3
[16.]
L. Hannerz, I. Wikstad, O. Broberger, A. Apera.
Influence of diuresis on the degree of vesicoureteral reflux.
Acta Radiol Diagn, 24 (1983), pp. 395-399
[17.]
S.J. Kogan, L. Sigler, S.B. Levitt, E.F. Reda, R. Weiss, I. Greifer.
Elusive vesicoureteral reflux in children with normal contrast cystograms.
J Urol, 136 (1986), pp. 325-328
[18.]
J.B. Nielsen.
The clinical significance of the reflux producing intrinsic bladder pressure and bladder volume in reflux and reflux nephropathy.
Scan J Urol Nephrol Suppl, 125 (1989), pp. 9-13
[19.]
M.J. Gelfand, J.L. Strife, V.S. Hertzberg.
Low-grade vesicoureteral reflux: variability in grade on sequential radiographic and nuclear cystograms.
Clin Nucl Med, 16 (1991), pp. 243-246
[20.]
B.J. Cremin.
Observations on vesico-ureteric reflux and intrarenal: a review and survey of material.
Clin Radiol, 30 (1979), pp. 607-621
[21.]
H.J. Paltiel, R.C. Rupich, H.G. Kiruluta.
Enhanced detection of vesicoureteral reflux in infants and children with use of cyclic voiding cystourethrography.
Radiology, 184 (1992), pp. 753-755
[22.]
R.N. Tremewan, R.R. Bailey, P.J. Little, T.M.J. Maling, T.M. Peters, J.J. Tait.
Diagnosis of gross vesicoureteric reflux using ultrasonography.
Br J Urol, 48 (1976), pp. 431-435
[23.]
R. Kessler, D.H. Altman.
Real-time sonographic detection of vesicoureteral reflux in children.
AJR, 138 (1982), pp. 1033-1036
[24.]
K. Schneider, C. Jablonski, M. Wiessner, M. Kohn, H. Fendel.
Screening for vesicoureteral reflux in children using real time sonography.
Pediatr Radiol, 14 (1984), pp. 400-403
[25.]
D.C. Hanbury, R.A. Coulden, P. Farman, T. Sherwood.
Ultrasound cystography in the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux.
Br J Urol, 65 (1990), pp. 250-253
[26.]
A. Atala, J.H. Wible, J.C. Share, M.C. Carr, A.B. Retik, J. Mandell.
Sonography with sonicated albumin in the detection of vesicoureteral reflux.
J Urol, 150 (1993), pp. 756-758
[27.]
K. Kaneko, R. Kuwatsuru, Y. Fukuda, A. Yamataka, K. Yabuta, H. Katayama, T. Miyano.
Contrast sonography for detection of vesicoureteral reflux [carta].
Lancet, 344 (1994), pp. 687
[28.]
A. Atala, P. Ellsworth, J. Share, H. Paltiel, R.D. Walker, A.B. Retik.
Comparison of sonicated albumin enhanced sonography to fluoroscopic and radionuclide voiding cystography for detecting vesicoureteral reflux.
J Urol, 160 (1998), pp. 1820-1822
[29.]
F. Fobbe, J. Siegert, T. Fritzsch, K.J. Wolf.
Extended diagnostics of color-coded duplex sonography by means of ultrasound contrast agents.
Ultraschal Med, 13 (1992), pp. 31-35
[30.]
L. Von Rohden, U. Bosse, D. Wiemann.
Refluxsonographie bei Kindern mit einem ultraschallkontrastmittel in Vergleich zur Röntgenmiktionszystourethrographie (Reflux sonography in children with an ultrasound contrast medium in comparison to radiologic voiding cystourethrography).
Paediat Prax, 49 (1995), pp. 49-58
[31.]
K. Darge, J. Troeger, T. Duetting, B. Zieger, W. Rohrschneider, C. Weber, et al.
Echo-enhanced real-time sonographic detection of vesicoureterorenal reflux in children. Comparison with X-ray voiding cystourethrography [resumen].
Radiology, 205 (1997), pp. 348
[32.]
M. Bosio.
Cystosonography with echocontrast: a new imaging modality to detect vesicoureteric reflux in children.
Pediatr Radiol, 28 (1998), pp. 250-255
[33.]
V. Donoghue.
Genitourinary tract.
Imaging Children, pp. 550-560
[34.]
C.E. Barnewolt, H.J. Paltiel.
Genitourinary tract.
Practical Pediatric Imaging, pp. 1009-1174
[35.]
R.L. Lebowitz, H. Olbing, K.V. Parkkulainen, J.M. Smellie, T.E. Tamminen-Moebius.
International system of radiographic grading of vesicoureteric reflux.
Pediatr Radiol, 15 (1985), pp. 105-109
[36.]
M. García, M. Martín.
¿Cómo interpretar el índice de kappa?.
Jano, 49 (1995), pp. 113-114
[37.]
R.L. Lewobitz, A.H. Colodny.
Urinary tract infection in children.
Crt Rev Clin Radiol Nucl Med, 4 (1973), pp. 457-475
[38.]
G.W. Gross, R.L. Lewobitz.
Infection does not cause reflux.
AJR, 137 (1981), pp. 929-932
[39.]
S.P. Greenfield, J. Wan.
Vesicoureteral reflux: practical aspects of evaluation and management.
Pediatr Nephrol, 10 (1996), pp. 789-794
[40.]
S.P. Greenfield, J. Wan.
Experience with vesicoureteral reflux in children: clinical characteristics (abstract).
Urol J, 155 (1996), pp. 525A
[41.]
C.E. Blane, M.A. DiPietro, J.M. Zerin, A.B. Sedman, D.A. Bloom.
Renal sonography is not a reliable screening examination for vesicoureteral reflux.
J Urol, 150 (1993), pp. 752-755
[42.]
U. Seppänen, P. Tornianen, K. Kiviniitty.
Radiation gonad doses received by children in intravenous urography and micturation cystourethrography.
Pediatr Radiol, 8 (1979), pp. 169-172
[43.]
L. González, E. Vañó, M.J. Ruiz.
Radiation doses to paediatric patients undergoing micturating cystourethrography examinations and potential reduction by radiation protection optimization.
Br J Radiol, 68 (1995), pp. 291-295
[44.]
R.H. Cleveland, C. Constantinou, J.G. Blickman, D. Jaramillo, E. Webster.
Voiding cystourethrography in children: value of digital fluoroscopy in reducing radiation dose.
[45.]
P.A. Lowry, G.A. Pjura, E.E. Kim, W.D. Brown.
Radionuclide imaging of the lower genitourinary tract.
Diagnostic nuclear medicine, 2.ª ed, pp. 967-984
[46.]
M. Saraga, A. Stanicic, V. Marcovic.
The role of direct radionuclide cystography in evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux.
Scand J Urol Nephrol, 30 (1996), pp. 367-371
[47.]
P.F. Nasrallah, J.J. Conway, L.R. King, A.B. Belman, S. Weiss.
Quantitative nuclear cystogram: aid in determining spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux.
Urology, 12 (1978), pp. 654-658
[48.]
P.A. Lowry, G.A. Pjura, E.E. Kim, W.D. Brown.
Radionuclide imaging of the lower genitourinary tract.
Diagnostic nuclear medicine, 2.ª ed, pp. 967-984
[49.]
M.J. Gelfand, J.L. Strife, V.S. Hertzberg.
Low-grade vesicoureteral reflux: variability in grade on sequential radiographic and nuclear cystograms.
Clin Nucl Med, 16 (1991), pp. 243-246
[50.]
H.N. Noe.
The long-term results of prospective sibling reflux screening.
J Urol, 148 (1992), pp. 1739-1742
[51.]
D.A. Diamond, P.K. Kleinman, M. Spevak, K. Nimkin, P. Belanger, A. Karellas.
The tailored low dose fluoroscopic voiding cystogram for familial reflux screening.
J Urol, 155 (1996), pp. 681-685
[52.]
S.A. Kramer.
The role of the newer modalities in the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux [editorial].
Pediatr Nephrol, 155 (1996), pp. 683-684
[53.]
H.N. Noe.
Screening for reflux [editorial]. The current status.
J Urol, 156 (1996), pp. 1808
[54.]
J.S. Elder, C.A. Peters, B.S. Arant, D.H. Ewalt, C.E. Hawtrey, R.S. Hurwitz, et al.
Pediatric vesicoureteral reflux guidelines panel summary report on the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children.
J Urol, 157 (1997), pp. 1846-1851
Copyright © 2000. Asociación Española de Pediatría
Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?