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Vol. 56. Núm. 4.
Páginas 324-333 (Abril 2002)
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Vol. 56. Núm. 4.
Páginas 324-333 (Abril 2002)
Acceso a texto completo
Efectos en la salud por el desastre de Chernobil. Quince años después
Health effects of the chernobyl disaster. fifteen years afterwards
Visitas
32433
M.A. Zafra Antaa,
Autor para correspondencia
med015462@saludalia.com

Correspondencia: Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital Comarcal Pozoblanco. Juan del Rey Calero, s/n. 14400 Pozoblanco. Córdoba
, M.A. Amor Cabreraa, F. Díaz Mierb, C. Cámara Morañoa
a Servicios de Pediatría y Hospital Comarcal de Pozoblanco. Córdoba.
b Servicios de Radiología. Hospital Comarcal de Pozoblanco. Córdoba.
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El accidente de la central nuclear de Chernobil en 1986 ocasionó la liberación de grandes cantidades de material radiactivo, y causó la contaminación de amplias zonas de la antigua Unión Soviética. Cada verano, en España se recibe la visita de cientos de niños de Chernobil. En este artículo se describe el accidente, la contaminación ambiental, los mecanismos de lesión por radiación y la relación dosis-respuesta. Se revisan los efectos sobre la salud de la exposición a radiación, y el impacto de la catástrofe de Chernobil. Se hace una propuesta de actuación y valoración sanitaria con los niños en acogimiento temporal.

En Bielorrusia, Ucrania y la Federación Rusa, el nivel de salud de la población, especialmente infantil, se ha visto afectada. Con los datos actuales, sabemos que las secuelas de Chernobil son un marcado incremento en la incidencia de carcinoma papilar de tiroides, consecuencias psicológicas y socioeconómicas. Muchas publicaciones señalan un incremento de otras enfermedades; pero no todos los problemas de salud vistos tras Chernobil pueden atribuirse a la radiación. Dado el largo período de latencia de las enfermedades inducidas por radiación, es importante el seguimiento de la población afectada. Quince años después de Chernobil la comunidad internacional sigue aprendiendo lecciones científicas, médicas y humanitarias.

Palabras clave:
Chernobil
Cáncer de tiroides Radiación
Efectos psicológicos Niños 137Cs

The Chernobyl nuclear accident of 1986 released large quantities of radioactive material causing heavy contamination in widespread areas of the former Soviet Union. Each summer, several hundred children visit Spain from Chernobyl. In this article we describe the accident, the environmental contamination, the mechanisms of radia-tion injury and the dose-response relationships. We review the health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation and the health impact of the Chernobyl catastrophe. We propose guidelines for the medical management and evaluation of children on temporary visits.

The health status of adults and especially that of children in Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation has been adversely affected. According to present knowledge, Chernobyl has given rise to a marked increase in the incidence of papillary thyroid cancer, psychological consequences and socioeconomic disruption. Many studies report that the incidence of other diseases has increased, but not all health problems seen after the nuclear accident can be attributed to radiation. Given the long latency period for diseases induced by radiation exposure, long-term follow-up of all potentially affected individuals is important. Fifteen years after the Chernobyl accident the international community is still learning scientific, medical and humanitarian lessons.

Key words:
Chernobyl
Thyroid cancer
Radiation Psychological effects Children 137Cs
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