ArticlesMajor risk factors for stillbirth in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Introduction
In high-income countries, one in every 200 pregnant women reaching 22 weeks' gestation will have a stillborn baby.1 Although notable reductions in stillbirth rates in such countries have been achieved since the 1940s, rates have become stable or decreased only marginally in many regions over the past decade. Most stillbirths are now antepartum deaths, frequently associated with placental dysfunction and growth restriction,1 and many remain unexplained.2
Risk factors for stillbirth are increasingly being investigated and reported. Identification of priorities for prevention from individual published studies, however, is problematic. We undertook a systematic review of studies relevant to present practice to clearly identify important risk factors for stillbirth in high-income countries. If some of these risk factors can be avoided or prevented, fewer parents will experience the intense grief and lasting psychosocial trauma of stillbirth.3
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Search strategy
The search strategy is summarised in the panel.4 In undertaking this study, we followed recommendations made by the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group.5
Inclusion criteria
Studies were included if they fulfilled the following criteria: they assessed at least one risk factor associated with stillbirth; they used a definition of stillbirth of 20 weeks' gestation or more, or a birthweight of at least 400 g; they were done in high-income countries (defined for the purposes of this
Results
The literature searches yielded 22 691 studies. After review of the abstracts, 6963 studies were identified as potentially eligible for inclusion. After full review, 96 studies13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,
Discussion
This systematic review shows that a large proportion of stillbirths in high-income countries are attributable to risk factors that are fully or partly avoidable. These findings indicate the possibility for substantial rate reductions.
Obesity is one of the leading factors contributing to the overall burden of disease worldwide.117 With growing evidence of a causal relation20 between obesity and various adverse pregnancy outcomes,115 strategies that increase the proportion of women entering
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