Public Health Challenges in Sun Protection
Section snippets
Use and application of sunscreens
The US Department of Health and Human Services included several objectives in Healthy People 2010 targeted at the reducing outcomes associated with UV exposure and its relationship to skin cancer [5]. Included in their recommendations was the goal of increasing the number of people that used safe sun practices, including avoiding the sun during mid-day hours, wearing sun-protective clothing, using sunscreen with at least a sun protective factor (SPF) of 15, and avoiding artificial sources of UV
Compensation hypothesis: sunscreen use and sun exposure
Another matter that must be considered when discussing sunscreen use relates to the so-called “compensation hypothesis” [22]. This hypothesis has several postulates. First, the UV wavelengths that are responsible for sunburn (ie, those in the UVB range) may not be the same wavelengths responsible for inducing melanoma (ie, those in the UVA range). Because many sunscreens provide protection primarily from shorter-length UVB range wavelengths, sunscreen may protect against sunburn but not against
Alternative strategies in the primary prevention of skin cancer
It is important to recognize the importance of other methods for reducing sun exposure besides sunscreen. There is a photo-protective effect from normal clothing (though less than that provided by the sun-protective clothing discussed in Chapter 18), as we are reminded almost annually by the appearance of summer tan-lines which appear at the edge of clothing-covered- (nonexposed) versus bare- (exposed) skin. Long sleeve shirts and pants provided direct protection from UVR, especially when worn
Public health messages in skin cancer prevention
A successful strategy in public health efforts to improve sun protection has been to construct clever and catchy slogans with a youthful appeal. Many of these catch-phrases have originated in Australia, which has designated skin cancer as a major public health concern. One of the most popular Australian-origin sun protection messages is “slip, slop, slap,” a campaign which was been adopted in the United States by the ACS in 1998, and encourages children and adults alike to “slip on a shirt,
Impact of sunscreen on general health: societal windfall or pitfall?
The benefits of sunscreen extend beyond skin cancer prevention into other aspects of health and disease prevention. Using sunscreen protects from sunburn during physical activity. Increased physical activity is important for combating the heavy public health burden in the US from obesity and other diseases such as diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Exercise is also important in preventing other diseases, including depression, osteoporosis and some cancers, including colon and
Summary
Sunscreens are popular because they are easy to use and do not interfere with desired activities while providing protection from UVR. Sunscreens, therefore, are an important component in the public health campaign to reduce the burden of skin cancer. However, gains must still be made in proper use and application of sunscreen and alternative sun-protection measures and sun-related behaviors. Effective public health education strategies that encourage sun protection and the primary prevention of
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the institutions that support their academic endeavors.
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Cited by (36)
Self-reported sunscreen use and urinary benzophenone-3 concentrations in the United States: NHANES 2003-2006 and 2009-2012
2015, Environmental ResearchCitation Excerpt :Sunscreen use varies considerably by sex and race/ethnicity, with females and non-Hispanic whites using more sunscreen than males and other ethnic groups (Briley et al., 2007; Hall et al., 1997; Pichon et al., 2005). With increasing rates of skin cancer in many countries (Edwards et al., 2014; Staples et al., 2006), public health campaigns around the world promote sunscreen use and reduced solar exposure (CDC; Eide and Weinstock, 2006; HHS). Many epidemiological studies on sun exposure and skin cancer rely on self-report to measure sunscreen use (Kearney et al., 2014; Mortier et al., 2015; Parker et al., 2015).
Benzonphenone-type UV filters in urine of Chinese young adults: Concentration, source and exposure
2015, Environmental PollutionCitation Excerpt :People are frequently exposed to BP-3 due to their widespread applications in PCPs, such as sunscreens and other cosmetics. Studies showed that females used more cosmetics than males (Eide and Weinstock, 2006; Jones et al., 2012). In addition, all the urine samples in the present study were collected in summer.
The Effect of Sunscreen on Melanoma Risk
2012, Dermatologic ClinicsCitation Excerpt :On average, 1 oz of sunscreen is required to cover the body, and it takes approximately 15 to 20 minutes from the time of application until a sunscreen becomes optimally effective.22 However, most people tend to underapply sunscreens, and the resulting SPF may attain only 20% to 50% of the labeled SPF.28 In addition, SPF tends to degrade 8 hours after application by about 55% with activity and by about 25% with indoor rest.29
Update on photoprotection in children
2010, Anales de PediatriaThe latest on skin photoprotection
2008, Clinics in DermatologyCitation Excerpt :This is underlined by recommendations encouraging moderate sun exposure in the absence of photoprotective measures when the UV levels are low (<3), which is aimed to improve vitamin D synthesis. Finally, high-latitude countries, in which UV levels remain low for a significant proportion of the year, should recommend dietary supplementation of vitamin D, especially under special conditions, such as pregnant women, elders, patients with malabsorption syndromes, organ transplant recipients, and those with individual risk factors of skin cancer.134,135 Many questions remain regarding photoprotection.
Profiling of benzophenone derivatives using fish and human estrogen receptor-specific in vitro bioassays
2008, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Dr. Eide is supported by a Dermatology Foundation Fellowship award and a Surdna Foundation award. Dr. Weinstock is supported by grants from the Office of Research and Development (CSP 402), Department of Veterans Affairs, and the National Cancer Institute (CA 106592).