Journal Information
Vol. 87. Issue 6.
Pages 351-353 (01 December 2017)
Vol. 87. Issue 6.
Pages 351-353 (01 December 2017)
Scientific Letter
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Drug syrups: Errors in drug labels with possible consequences in patients with hereditary fructose intolerance
Jarabes de medicamentos: errores en ficha técnica con posibles consecuencias en pacientes con intolerancia hereditaria a la fructosa
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Elsa Izquierdo-Garcíaa,
Corresponding author
elsa.izquierdo@salud.madrid.org

Corresponding author.
, Ismael Escobar Rodrígueza, José Manuel Moreno-Villaresb, Irene Iglesias Peinadoc
a Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
b Unidad de nutrición clínica, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
c Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Characteristics of excipients/sweeteners and their tolerance in HFI.5,6
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Dear Editor:

Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI, MIM #229600) is an autosomal recessive disease due to Aldolase B deficiency, enzyme responsible for fructose metabolism mainly in the liver. The consumption of fructose, sucrose, sorbitol or tagatose1 for HFI patients causes severe symptoms which can lead to analytical, neurological, hepatic and renal alterations, hypoglycemia and even death.2

Oral liquid presentations of drugs are classically made with sucrose (simple syrup) but the use of other sweeteners is being increased, such as hydrogenated syrups (polyalcohols) or, in a lesser extent, glucose syrups. The polyalcohols (maltitol, sorbitol, lactitol, etc.) are obtained by sugars’ catalytic hydrogenation leading to products with low caloric power. Otherwise, glucose syrups are more caloric, due to their lower sweeting power, although it can be increased with the transformation of a part of the glucose in fructose (isomerization). The food industry should indicate the amount of fructose in glucose in the definition of the ingredients if it is greater than 5%.3 In the pharmaceutical industry, it is mandatory to put a warning for HFI patients in leaflet and the label if the product contains sweeteners contraindicated in HFI such as fructose, sucrose, inverted sugar, sorbitol, maltitol, isomalt and lactitol4 (Table 1). We have detected errors in the denomination of glucose syrups in drug labels potentially harmful for HFI patients.

Table 1.

Characteristics of excipients/sweeteners and their tolerance in HFI.5,6

Excipient  Composition  Synonyms  Obtaining  Suitable in HFI? 
Monosaccharides
Sorbitol  Sorbitol  d-glucitol, d-sorbitol  Glucose hydrogenation  No 
Disaccharides
Sucrose  Glucose-fructose  Saccharose, sugar, common sugar  From the sugar cane  No 
Isomalt  Mix of maltitol and glucose-manitol  Hydrogenated isomaltulose, hydrogenated palatinose  Isomaltulose hydrogenation  Noa 
Lactitol  Galactose-sorbitol  Lactit, lactositol, lactoboost  Lactose hydrogenation  Noa 
Maltitol  Glucose-sorbitol  Hydrogenated maltose  Starch hydrolysate hydrogenation  Noa 
Syrups
Invert sugar  Mix of glucose and fructose  Invert liquid sugar, invert syrup sugar  Sucrose hydrolysis  No 
Glucose syrup  Mix of glucose, maltose and oligosaccharides  Corn sugar  Starch hydrolysis  Yesb 
Maltitol syrup  Mix of sorbitol, maltitol and hydrogenated polysaccharides  Hydrogenated maltose syrup, hydrogenated glucose syrup with high maltose, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate  Glucose syrup or starch hydrolysate hydrogenation  Noa 
High fructose corn syrup  Glucose and fructose  Isoglucose  Corn starch hydrolysis and isomeration of some glucoses in fructoses (42–55%)  No 
a

Absorption is not complete. There is controversy in their tolerance.

b

Check if there have fructose.

To establish the scope, we have revised the drug label of medicines with glucose syrup between May 2013 and July 2016 using the “Prescription Nomenclator” tool of the Spanish Medicines Agency (www.aemps.gob.es) and the information has been confirmed with each manufacturer laboratory.

We detected 42 presentations commercialized with glucose syrup. We excluded 4 topical and 27 presentations which were also containing sucrose, sorbitol, maltitol, isomalt or high fructose corn syrup (3 presentations did not have the alert for HFI (11%)). We analyzed 11 presentations: 9 with liquid glucose and 2 with hydrogenated glucose syrup.

In 2 presentations with liquid glucose and in 2 with hydrogenated glucose syrup, the laboratory confirms that they contain fructose and maltitol/sorbitol respectively. The formulation of these 4 presentations is syrup or oral solution; the others are tablets, capsules or vials. In one of them the laboratory indicates that the glucose syrup contains 40% of fructose. In 2 presentations from a same laboratory, we could not obtain the information of the liquid glucose composition and in another 3 (27.7%) the first response was imprecise or contained errors that required a second consultation (Fig. 1). In some cases the delay in the reply has been four months.

Figure 1.

Results obtained with the information provided by the drug marketing laboratory.

(0.14MB).

In conclusions, we detected very serious errors in the information about excipients in drugs labels that carry a serious safety problem for patients with HFI. The two most serious mistakes have been:

  • -

    Indicate in drug label “glucose syrup or liquid glucose” when in fact it is “glucose-fructose syrup”.

  • -

    Indicate in drug label “hydrogenated glucose syrup” as synonymous with “glucose syrup”, when in fact it is “maltitol syrup or sorbitol syrup”.

In addition, it has been observed that not all medications with fructose, sucrose, sorbitol, maltitol, isomalt or lactitol contain the warning or contraindication mandatory for HFI patients in packaging material, label and leaflet (according to legislation).

The review has been done through an application that filters the drugs according to excipients. However, it cannot be guaranteed that all medications with glucose syrup have been checked. Therefore, these errors have been notified to the Patient Safety Program and Medication Errors of the Madrid Regional Health Sistem and to the Spanish Medicines Agency (errors.etiquetado@aemps.es), so that they make the necessary notifications to the pharmaceutical industry and to the health professionals.

In spite of the size of the sample, both the errors in drug label and the difficulty in obtaining reliable and accurate information for the manufacturer are very striking, being necessary, in several cases, to request further clarifications, which have led to corrections with respect to the information previously issued. In some cases, if the first manufacturer's information had been considered correct, the consequence of the administration of the drug in an HFI patient could have had serious consequences on his health. We believe there is a necessity of a review process on the contents of the label in a coordinated way between regulatory agencies and the companies that manufacture and/or market these medicines.

References
[1]
E. Izquierdo-García, J.M. Moreno-Villares, M. León-Sanz.
Edulcorantes en pacientes con intolerancia hereditaria a la fructosa.
Acta Pediatr Esp, 72 (2014), pp. 15-23
[2]
M. Ruiz Pons.
Errores congénitos del metabolismo de la fructosa.
Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades metabólicas hereditarias, 3a ed., pp. 411-422
[3]
Directiva 2001/111/CE del Consejo, de 20 de diciembre del 2001, relativa a determinados azúcares destinados a la alimentación humana. Diario Oficial de las Comunidades Europeas, 12 de enero del 2002.
[4]
Información sobre los excipientes en el etiquetado, prospecto y ficha técnica de los medicamentos de uso humano. Circular número 2/2008 de la Agencia Española del Medicamento y Productos sanitarios (AEMPS).
[5]
Real Farmacopea Española.
3ª ed., Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, (2005),
[6]
Real Decreto 299/2009 de 6 de marzo. Boletín Oficial del Estado, n.° 68, de 20 de marzo del 2009. Normas de identidad y pureza de los edulcorantes utilizados en los productos alimenticios.

Please cite this article as: Izquierdo-García E, Escobar Rodríguez I, Moreno-Villares JM, Iglesias Peinado I. Jarabes de medicamentos: errores en ficha técnica con posibles consecuencias en pacientes con intolerancia hereditaria a la fructosa. An Pediatr (Barc). 2017;87:351–353.

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