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night wakings&#44; sleep-related anxiety and shortened sleep duration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although multiple studies have focused on physical exercise and ST separately&#44; there is little evidence on the adherence to PA and ST recommendations and its relationship with sleep quality in youth&#46; In this regard&#44; girls seem to be an ideal target for the promotion of healthy habits&#44; given their low levels of PA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and poorer sleep habits &#40;especially sleep-related anxiety&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> compared to their male peers&#46; Thus&#44; the objectives of this study were&#58; &#40;a&#41; to study the association between PA&#44; ST and both with sleep habits&#59; &#40;b&#41; 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After obtaining approval&#44; we sent a letter to the parents of all children in seventh grade inviting them to a meeting where we informed them of the objectives of the study and obtained their written consent for the participation of their children in the study&#46; Lastly&#44; we collected all the signed forms and the researchers met with the physical education teacher to collect data in autumn of 2014 &#40;March&#8211;June&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Anthropometric measurements</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants wearing light clothing were weighed twice using a digital scale accurate to 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#46; Their height was measured twice with the patient barefoot using a wall stadiometer&#46; The means of both measurements were used to calculate the body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; Last of all&#44; the children were classified as having normal weight or overweight&#47;obesity based on the cut-off points established by the International Obesity Task Force&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Physical activity</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The instrument used to measure physical activity was the Spanish version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents &#40;PAQ-A&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Broadly speaking&#44; the PAQ-A was designed to assess the levels of moderate and vigorous PA in youth&#46; Physical activity was defined as &#8220;sports&#44; exercise or dance that make you sweat or get tired&#44; or games that that make you breathe heavily such as playing tag&#44; skipping rope&#44; running&#44; climbing and others&#8221;&#46; Participants were asked to quantify their levels of PA activity during their free time in the past seven days&#46; The total PA score was obtained by averaging the nine items rated on a 5-point Likert scale &#40;1&#8211;5&#59; with higher scores corresponding to higher levels of PA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Screen time</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Self-reported ST was measured by means of three questions that asked about the number of hours of free time a day spent watching television&#44; playing computer or video games&#44; and using the computer for anything other than games &#40;emailing&#44; chatting online&#44; web browsing or homework&#41;&#46; These questions were used in the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Lastly&#44; the average daily ST was calculated using the sum of these three questions&#46; Thus&#44; ST was categorised as low-moderate if it was below two hours a day&#44; and as high if it amounted to two or more hours a day&#44; following the recommendations on the subject of the American Academy of Paediatrics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Sleep habits and problems</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The questionnaire used to assess sleep habits and problems was the Spanish version of the Sleep Self-Report &#40;SSR&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Each item is rated on a 3-point scale to indicate the frequency of each habit&#58; usually &#40;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#8211;7 times a week&#41;&#44; sometimes &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#8211;4 times a week&#41; and rarely &#40;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>never or once a week&#41;&#46; The questionnaire comprises 19 items &#40;three of them gather additional information but are not scored in any subscale&#41; grouped into four subscales&#58; &#40;a&#41; sleep quality&#59; &#40;b&#41; sleep anxiety&#59; &#40;c&#41; bedtime resistance&#59; and &#40;d&#41; sleep routines&#46; The total score is calculated by adding the scores of the 16 items &#40;total score variable&#41;&#46; Higher scores indicate more sleep-related problems&#46; We used the cut-off points to indicate sleep problems applying the criteria established by Orgil&#233;s&#44; Owens&#44; Espada&#44; Piqueras&#44; Carballo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#58; 7 for sleep quality&#44; 6 for sleep-related anxiety&#44; 4 for bedtime resistance&#44; 3 for sleep routines and 16 for the total score&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Socioeconomic status</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We assessed socioeconomic status with a scale adapted from Graffar&#39;s method&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and considering three categories based on the school under study &#40;low&#44; middle and high&#41;&#46; These categories have been used recently in studies of Chilean children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have expressed continuous variables as means and standard deviations&#44; and categorical variables as frequency distributions&#46; We used the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnoff test to assess the normality of the distributions&#46; Analysis of variance was used to determine the differences in sleep habits &#40;sleep quality&#44; sleep-related anxiety&#44; bedtime resistance&#44; sleep routines and total score&#41; by PA and ST categories &#40;moderate-low vs high&#41;&#44; adjusting for age&#44; BMI&#44; socioeconomic status&#44; having a television set in the room and PA or ST depending on the independent variable included in the model&#46; We calculated the effect size &#40;ES&#41; using the estimated marginal means&#44; and subsequently classified it as small &#40;0&#46;20&#8211;0&#46;50&#41;&#44; moderate &#40;0&#46;51&#8211;0&#46;80&#41; or large &#40;&#62;0&#46;80&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Last of all&#44; we used logistic regression models &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93; and 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;CI&#93;&#41; to determine the influence of adherence to PA and ST habits &#40;independent variable<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>adheres to none&#44; one&#44; or both habits&#41; on the probability of having sleep problems &#40;dependent variable&#41;&#44; adjusting for age&#44; BMI&#44; socioeconomic status and presence or absence of a television set in the room&#46; We performed the statistical analysis with the SPSS software version 22 &#40;SPSS Inc&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Results</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the characteristics of the participating girls&#46; Of all participants&#44; 35&#46;53&#37; were classified as having overweight&#47;obesity&#46; The prevalence of sleep problems was 9&#46;20&#37; &#40;total score&#41;&#46; As for ST&#44; 63&#46;26&#37; of the girls exceeded the recommended time &#40;&#8805;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day&#41;&#46; Lastly&#44; when the criteria for both PA &#40;last quartile&#41; and ST were combined&#44; only 11&#46;73&#37; adhered to recommendations for both&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the differences in the different sleep subscales by PA and ST categories&#44; adjusted for age&#44; BMI&#44; socioeconomic status&#44; having a television in the room and PA or ST depending on the independent variable included in the model&#46; The results showed that less active girls had higher total scores&#44; although the differences were small &#40;9&#46;92 vs 8&#46;78&#59; ES&#44; 0&#46;26&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; girls that exceeded the recommended ST &#40;&#8805;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day&#41; showed a slightly poorer sleep quality &#40;3&#46;05 vs 3&#46;93&#59; ES&#44; 0&#46;43&#41; and total score &#40;8&#46;43 vs 10&#46;37&#59; ES&#44; 0&#46;38&#41;&#46; Lastly&#44; analysing PA and ST in combination we found that girls that complied with recommendations for both had a better sleep quality &#40;3&#46;23 vs 4&#46;76&#59; ES&#44; 0&#46;79&#41; and a better total score &#40;10&#46;77 vs 8&#46;05&#59; ES&#44; 0&#46;50&#41;&#44; differences that were moderate&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Last of all&#44; the logistic regression model showed that girls that did not adhere to recommendations for either habit &#40;&#8805;1&#46;97 for PA and &#60;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day of ST&#41; were more likely to have problems in sleep quality problems &#40;OR&#44; 17&#46;80&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;018&#41; or in sleep overall as assessed by the total score &#40;OR&#44; 7&#46;85&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;025&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study shows that healthy PA and ST habits are associated with better sleep quality&#46; Furthermore&#44; girls that adhere to recommendations for both PA and ST habits seem to have better sleep quality and total sleep scores&#46; Conversely&#44; not adhering to either habit predicted problems in the sleep quality and in total score of participating girls&#46; Compared to their male peers&#44; girls show lower levels of PA &#40;assessed by accelerometry&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> worse sleep habits &#40;assessed by electroencephalography<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> or questionnaires<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#41; and similar ST habits &#40;they play fewer videogames but use mobile phones more&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Thus&#44; it seems that we should study this young population thoroughly and promote healthy habits in it&#46; Our cross-sectional study suggests that girls should be advised to limit or decrease their ST&#44; especially before or during sleep hours in order to minimise its negative impact on sleep and wellbeing&#44; and to promote an active lifestyle&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The assumption that PA promotes better sleep is based on several hypotheses about energy conservation&#44; tissue repair or temperature down-regulation in the individual&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Recent studies have analysed this association by means of accelerometry&#46; Accelerometers estimate the PA performed by the child over several days &#40;usually one week&#41;&#44; and at night they record the actual times the child falls asleep &#40;sleep onset&#41; and wakes up &#40;end of sleep&#41;&#44; calculating total sleep duration and night wakings&#46; In this regard&#44; a recent study reported that more active children have poorer sleep quality &#40;more night wakings&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Its authors noted that higher levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity &#40;MVPA&#41; were associated with more fragmented sleep&#44; although going to bed earlier was associated with less time spent in sedentary behaviour the following day&#46; Conversely&#44; several studies have shown a positive correlation with several sleep-quality parameters&#46; Thus&#44; MVPA has been associated with increased sleep efficiency &#40;percentage of sleep per time in bed&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and fewer night wakings&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> with some studies assessing sleep by means of electroencephalography&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> It also appears that children that go to bed and get out of bed earlier are more active during the day&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In our study&#44; the results of the self-administered questionnaire corroborated these findings&#44; showing that girls that were more active achieved better total scores than their less-active peers &#40;ES&#44; 0&#46;26&#41;&#46; At the same time&#44; compared to other populations assessed by means of this questionnaire&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;29</span></a> the girls in our sample showed a higher level of inactivity&#44; so it would be necessary to establish whether a higher level of PA leads to better sleep<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> or the other way around&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have demonstrated the negative impact of digital media on the sleep of young individuals&#44; especially on sleep duration<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> and delayed bedtimes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> However&#44; their effects and the specific mechanisms involved remain unclear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Our study showed that girls with higher STs had poorer sleep quality &#40;for example&#44; waking at night due to some kind of pain&#41; &#40;ES&#44; 0&#46;43&#41; and a worse total score compared to their peers with lesser STs &#40;ES&#44; 0&#46;38&#41;&#46; Some of the mechanisms that could explain this fact are greater physiological arousal&#44; which would make it harder for girls to relax before bed&#44; and a suppression of melatonin secretion due to exposure to the bright light of displays&#44; which would promote delays in the circadian rhythm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Similarly&#44; higher STs at bedtime could be due to an increase in educational computer use or that this age &#40;13 years&#41; is the minimum required to register in various popular social networks&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When it comes to both habits&#44; we only found one study on the subject that analysed adherence to the recommendations concerning PA &#40;&#62;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#47;day of MVPA&#41; and ST &#40;&#62;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day&#41; in relation to sleep quality in children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> These authors noted that going to bed and getting up late are associated with a lesser degree of adherence to PA and ST recommendations&#44; and thus with worse health&#44; regardless of sleep duration&#46; Our study supports these findings&#44; as it suggests that the most important factor associated with poorer sleep quality &#40;ES<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;79&#41; and total score &#40;ES<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;50&#41; is non-adherence with recommendations for both of these habits&#46; Furthermore&#44; non-adherence seems to predict sleep quality problems and sleep problems in general &#40;total score&#41;&#46; This fact may be due to girls devoting more time to digital media and consequently reducing the time spent sleeping or in other activities related to good sleep hygiene &#40;for example&#44; PA&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; we would expect a perception of decreased sleep and poorer sleep quality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Limitations</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are limitations to the study that ought to be considered&#58; &#40;a&#41; it is a cross-sectional study&#44; and thus the results cannot be used to establish causality&#59; &#40;b&#41; self-reported data may be biased and do not provide the direct measurements of sleep that can otherwise be obtained by electroencephalography or accelerometry&#59; &#40;c&#41; the answers to the sleep questionnaire are based on the past week&#44; which may make detection of sleep problems difficult&#44; as it requires a longer assessment period&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and the questionnaire does not differentiate between weekdays and weekends&#59; &#40;d&#41; the data obtained on the levels of PA and ST &#40;sedentary habits&#41; cannot provide a precise representation of the variables under study&#59; and last of all &#40;e&#41; we did not take into account the pubertal development of the girls&#44; an aspect that could influence their anthropometric measurements and possibly their sleep quality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conclusions</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The findings of this study point to the need to analyse the impact of PA and ST habits in combination for the prevention of sleep-related disorders and associated health parameters&#44; including obesity&#46; However&#44; the discrepancies found between questionnaires and objective measures suggest that further research is needed that uses objective measurements &#40;accelerometry&#41; to establish conclusive results on the matter&#44; as well as randomised controlled interventions that promote both habits&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Physical activity &#40;PA&#41;&#44; screen time &#40;ST&#41;&#44; and sleep are modifiable lifestyle habits for health&#46; The objectives of this study were&#58; &#40;a&#41; to examine the association between PA&#44; ST&#44; and both&#44; on sleep patterns&#59; and &#40;b&#41; to determine the influence of PA and ST on sleep problems in Chilean girls&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study involved 196 children &#40;12&#46;2 years&#41;&#46; Patterns and sleep problems were assessed using the Spanish version of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sleep Self-Report</span>&#44; and the PA through the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents</span> &#40;PAQ-A&#41;&#44; both in Castilian&#46; The ST was assessed using several questions about television&#44; game console and computer use&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The ST recommendation &#40;&#60;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h a day&#41; was exceeded by 63&#46;2&#37; of the girls&#46; In general&#44; the most active girls &#40;last quartile&#41; that did not exceed the recommendations of ST reported higher sleep quality and total score values compared to those who did not meet both&#46; The logistic regression analysis showed that girls who did not meet both habits were more likely to have sleep quality &#40;odds ratio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;8&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;018&#41;&#44; and general sleep problems &#40;odds ratio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;85&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;025&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Parents need to set limits on sedentary leisure time and encourage more active habits&#44; as sleep is a parameter closely linked to a better health profile in youth&#46;</p></span>"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La actividad f&#237;sica &#40;AF&#41;&#44; el tiempo de pantalla &#40;TP&#41; y el sue&#241;o son h&#225;bitos de vida modificables relacionados con la salud&#46; Los objetivos de este estudio fueron&#58; a&#41; examinar la asociaci&#243;n entre la AF y el TP y ambos con los h&#225;bitos de sue&#241;o&#59; b&#41; determinar la influencia de los h&#225;bitos de AF y el TP sobre los problemas asociados al sue&#241;o en ni&#241;as chilenas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El estudio involucr&#243; a 196 ni&#241;as &#40;12&#44;2 a&#241;os&#41;&#46; Los h&#225;bitos de sue&#241;o fueron evaluados con el cuestionario <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Self-report sleep</span> y la AF con el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physical activity questionnaire for adolescents</span>&#44; ambos en castellano&#46; El TP se evalu&#243; a trav&#233;s de diversas preguntas sobre el tiempo de uso de la televisi&#243;n&#44; videoconsola y ordenador&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El 63&#44;2&#37; de las ni&#241;as excedieron el l&#237;mite recomendado de 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h al d&#237;a de TP&#46; En general&#44; las ni&#241;as m&#225;s activas &#40;&#250;ltimo cuartil&#41; que no exced&#237;an las recomendaciones de TP reportaban valores m&#225;s altos de calidad del sue&#241;o y puntuaci&#243;n total respecto a las que no cumpl&#237;an ambas&#46; El an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica mostr&#243; que las ni&#241;as que no cumpl&#237;an ambos h&#225;bitos ten&#237;an mayor probabilidad de presentar problemas asociados a su calidad del sue&#241;o &#40;odds ratio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;8&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;018&#41; y sue&#241;o general &#40;odds ratio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;85&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;025&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Parece necesario que los padres establezcan l&#237;mites respecto a las horas de ocio sedentario y favorezcan un mayor h&#225;bito activo&#44; puesto que el sue&#241;o es un par&#225;metro &#237;ntimamente ligado a un mejor perfil saludable en ni&#241;os&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Please cite this article as&#58; Aguilar MM&#44; Vergara FA&#44; Vel&#225;squez EJA&#44; Garc&#237;a-Hermoso A&#46; Actividad f&#237;sica&#44; tiempo de pantalla y patrones de sue&#241;o en ni&#241;as chilenas&#46; An Pediatr &#40;Barc&#41;&#46; 2015&#59;83&#58;304&#8211;310&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI&#44; body mass index&#59; PAQ-A&#44; Physical Activity Questionnaire for adolescents<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#59; ST&#44; total screen time&#8212;sum of time spent using the television&#44; videogames and computers&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age &#40;Years&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Body composition</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Height &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weight &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Self-reported sleep in children</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep quality &#40;0&#8211;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep&#8211;related anxiety &#40;0&#8211;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bedtime resistance &#40;0&#8211;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep routines &#40;0&#8211;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total score &#40;0&#8211;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sedentary behaviour</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Television &#40;h&#47;day&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Videogames &#40;h&#47;day&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Computer &#40;h&#47;day&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ST &#40;h&#47;day&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physical activity</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PAQ-A &#40;1&#8211;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab955924.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nutritional status</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Overweight&#47;obesity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sleep problems</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep quality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep-related anxiety&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bedtime resistance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep routines&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sedentary behaviour</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Television set in room&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">107&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exceeds recommended limit<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">124&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physical activity</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High level<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Healthy habits</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Socioeconomic status</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Low&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#46; PA&#44; physical activity&#59; ST&#44; screen time&#46; Analysis adjusted for age&#44; body mass index&#44; socioeconomic status&#44; television set in the room and physical activity or total screen time depending on the independent variable&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">High&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physical activity</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep quality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;247&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;136&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep-related anxiety&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;127&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;074&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bedtime resistance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;223&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep routines&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;047&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;829&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total sleep score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;78<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8805;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total screen time</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep quality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;797&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep-related anxiety&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;886&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;172&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bedtime resistance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;566&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;213&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep routines&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;030&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;862&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total sleep score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;329&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;022&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Non-adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PA</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ST</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep quality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;573&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep-related anxiety&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;781&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;378&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bedtime resistance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;926&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep routines&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;977&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;162&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total sleep score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;304&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;041&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
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            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0020"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Differences in sleep parameters by physical activity categories&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> total screen time&#44; and both&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a></p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis adjusted for age&#44; body mass index&#44; socioeconomic status and television in room&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sleep quality</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adheres to both habits&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adheres to one habit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;47&#8211;41&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Does not adhere to either habit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;62&#8211;45&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sleep-related anxiety</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adheres to both habits&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adheres to one habit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;49&#8211;20&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;225&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Does not adhere to either habit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;56&#8211;7&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;283&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bedtime resistance</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adheres to both habits&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adheres to one habit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;09&#8211;8&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;918&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Does not adhere to either habit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;54&#8211;4&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;429&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sleep routines</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adheres to both habits&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adheres to one habit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;32&#8211;4&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;779&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Does not adhere to either habit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;35&#8211;1&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;496&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total score</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adheres to both habits&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adheres to one habit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;66&#8211;10&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;167&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Does not adhere to either habit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;29&#8211;47&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;025&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Logistic regression model for predicting sleep problems based on adherence to healthy habits&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:33 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sleepless in America&#58; inadequate sleep and relationships to health and well-being of our nation&#39;s children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Smaldone"
                            1 => "J&#46;C&#46; Honig"
                            2 => "M&#46;W&#46; Byrne"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1542/peds.2006-1472"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "119"
                        "numero" => "Suppl&#46; 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "29"
                        "paginaFinal" => "37"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17200268"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Associations between sleep duration patterns and behavioral&#47;cognitive functioning at school entry"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "&#201;&#46; Touchette"
                            1 => "D&#46; Petit"
                            2 => "J&#46;R&#46; S&#233;guin"
                            3 => "M&#46; Boivin"
                            4 => "R&#46;E&#46; Tremblay"
                            5 => "J&#46;Y&#46; Montplaisir"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sleep"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "30"
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                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence&#58; a review and meta-analysis of age&#44; region&#44; and sleep"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Gradisar"
                            1 => "G&#46; Gardner"
                            2 => "H&#46; Dohnt"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.sleep.2010.11.008"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sleep Med"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "110"
                        "paginaFinal" => "118"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21257344"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
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              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Obesity can no longer be solely attributed to energy disparity&#58; sleep also fits the equation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Arora"
                            1 => "G&#46;N&#46; Thomas"
                            2 => "S&#46; Taheri"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Pract"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "247"
                        "paginaFinal" => "249"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Is obesity associated with poor sleep quality in adolescents&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "N&#46;K&#46; Gupta"
                            1 => "W&#46;H&#46; Mueller"
                            2 => "W&#46; Chan"
                            3 => "J&#46;C&#46; Meininger"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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Journal Information
Vol. 83. Issue 5.
Pages 304-310 (1 November 2015)
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6664
Vol. 83. Issue 5.
Pages 304-310 (1 November 2015)
Original article
Full text access
Physical activity, screen time and sleep patterns in Chilean girls
Actividad física, tiempo de pantalla y patrones de sueño en niñas chilenas
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6664
M.M. Aguilara, F.A. Vergaraa, E.J.A. Velásqueza, A. García-Hermosob,
Corresponding author
antonio.garcia.h@usach.cl

Corresponding author.
a Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
b Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Chile
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Tables (3)
Table 1. Characteristics of study participants.
Table 2. Differences in sleep parameters by physical activity categories,a total screen time, and both.b
Table 3. Logistic regression model for predicting sleep problems based on adherence to healthy habits.
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Abstract
Introduction

Physical activity (PA), screen time (ST), and sleep are modifiable lifestyle habits for health. The objectives of this study were: (a) to examine the association between PA, ST, and both, on sleep patterns; and (b) to determine the influence of PA and ST on sleep problems in Chilean girls.

Patients and methods

The study involved 196 children (12.2 years). Patterns and sleep problems were assessed using the Spanish version of the Sleep Self-Report, and the PA through the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A), both in Castilian. The ST was assessed using several questions about television, game console and computer use.

Results

The ST recommendation (<2h a day) was exceeded by 63.2% of the girls. In general, the most active girls (last quartile) that did not exceed the recommendations of ST reported higher sleep quality and total score values compared to those who did not meet both. The logistic regression analysis showed that girls who did not meet both habits were more likely to have sleep quality (odds ratio=17.8, P=0.018), and general sleep problems (odds ratio=7.85, P=0.025).

Conclusions

Parents need to set limits on sedentary leisure time and encourage more active habits, as sleep is a parameter closely linked to a better health profile in youth.

Keywords:
Sedentary behaviour
Sleep quality
Healthy lifestyle
Resumen
Introducción

La actividad física (AF), el tiempo de pantalla (TP) y el sueño son hábitos de vida modificables relacionados con la salud. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: a) examinar la asociación entre la AF y el TP y ambos con los hábitos de sueño; b) determinar la influencia de los hábitos de AF y el TP sobre los problemas asociados al sueño en niñas chilenas.

Pacientes y métodos

El estudio involucró a 196 niñas (12,2 años). Los hábitos de sueño fueron evaluados con el cuestionario Self-report sleep y la AF con el Physical activity questionnaire for adolescents, ambos en castellano. El TP se evaluó a través de diversas preguntas sobre el tiempo de uso de la televisión, videoconsola y ordenador.

Resultados

El 63,2% de las niñas excedieron el límite recomendado de 2h al día de TP. En general, las niñas más activas (último cuartil) que no excedían las recomendaciones de TP reportaban valores más altos de calidad del sueño y puntuación total respecto a las que no cumplían ambas. El análisis de regresión logística mostró que las niñas que no cumplían ambos hábitos tenían mayor probabilidad de presentar problemas asociados a su calidad del sueño (odds ratio=17,8; p=0,018) y sueño general (odds ratio=7,85; p=0,025).

Conclusiones

Parece necesario que los padres establezcan límites respecto a las horas de ocio sedentario y favorezcan un mayor hábito activo, puesto que el sueño es un parámetro íntimamente ligado a un mejor perfil saludable en niños.

Palabras clave:
Conducta sedentaria
Calidad del sueño
Estilos de vida saludables
Full Text
Introduction

Inadequate sleep in childhood has important consequences on health.1 It is also associated with attention difficulties, cognitive disorders, poor academic performance and mood disorders.2 In this regard, sleep deprivation and sleep disorders are common in young adults and adolescents worldwide.3 In recent years, sleep deprivation has also attracted interest as a potential contributor to the obesity epidemic in children and adolescents.4 Along with research on sleep duration, several studies have also investigated sleep quality.5,6

There is a wide range of lifestyle factors that influence sleep duration and quality in young individuals, among which are physical activity (PA) and health-related habits such as screen time (ST).7,8 The current literature on PA offers inconclusive and inconsistent findings.5,9–12 On the other hand, new technologies and the patterns of their use are changing rapidly and deserve more attention due to their impact on sleep and wellbeing.7 Studies on this subject suggest that more than two hours a day of ST may negatively impact children,13 as it is associated with delayed sleep onset, night wakings, sleep-related anxiety and shortened sleep duration.14,15

Although multiple studies have focused on physical exercise and ST separately, there is little evidence on the adherence to PA and ST recommendations and its relationship with sleep quality in youth. In this regard, girls seem to be an ideal target for the promotion of healthy habits, given their low levels of PA16 and poorer sleep habits (especially sleep-related anxiety)17 compared to their male peers. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (a) to study the association between PA, ST and both with sleep habits; (b) determine the influence of PA and ST habits on sleep problems in Chilean girls.

Patients and methodsPatients

We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study. We requested the participation of all the female students enrolled in the seventh year of primary school in seven schools in the region of Maule (Chile), and 196 (89%) accepted. The participants attended public, partially subsidised and private schools in rural areas. The study had a convenience sample. We excluded girls that had special education needs or any disorder that limited their ability to engage in physical activity. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Autónoma de Chile and later on by the principal of each school. After obtaining approval, we sent a letter to the parents of all children in seventh grade inviting them to a meeting where we informed them of the objectives of the study and obtained their written consent for the participation of their children in the study. Lastly, we collected all the signed forms and the researchers met with the physical education teacher to collect data in autumn of 2014 (March–June).

Anthropometric measurements

Participants wearing light clothing were weighed twice using a digital scale accurate to 100g. Their height was measured twice with the patient barefoot using a wall stadiometer. The means of both measurements were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI) as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres (kg/m2). Last of all, the children were classified as having normal weight or overweight/obesity based on the cut-off points established by the International Obesity Task Force.18

Physical activity

The instrument used to measure physical activity was the Spanish version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A).19 Broadly speaking, the PAQ-A was designed to assess the levels of moderate and vigorous PA in youth. Physical activity was defined as “sports, exercise or dance that make you sweat or get tired, or games that that make you breathe heavily such as playing tag, skipping rope, running, climbing and others”. Participants were asked to quantify their levels of PA activity during their free time in the past seven days. The total PA score was obtained by averaging the nine items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1–5; with higher scores corresponding to higher levels of PA).

Screen time

Self-reported ST was measured by means of three questions that asked about the number of hours of free time a day spent watching television, playing computer or video games, and using the computer for anything other than games (emailing, chatting online, web browsing or homework). These questions were used in the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study.20 Lastly, the average daily ST was calculated using the sum of these three questions. Thus, ST was categorised as low-moderate if it was below two hours a day, and as high if it amounted to two or more hours a day, following the recommendations on the subject of the American Academy of Paediatrics.21

Sleep habits and problems

The questionnaire used to assess sleep habits and problems was the Spanish version of the Sleep Self-Report (SSR).17 Each item is rated on a 3-point scale to indicate the frequency of each habit: usually (2=5–7 times a week), sometimes (1=2–4 times a week) and rarely (0=never or once a week). The questionnaire comprises 19 items (three of them gather additional information but are not scored in any subscale) grouped into four subscales: (a) sleep quality; (b) sleep anxiety; (c) bedtime resistance; and (d) sleep routines. The total score is calculated by adding the scores of the 16 items (total score variable). Higher scores indicate more sleep-related problems. We used the cut-off points to indicate sleep problems applying the criteria established by Orgilés, Owens, Espada, Piqueras, Carballo17: 7 for sleep quality, 6 for sleep-related anxiety, 4 for bedtime resistance, 3 for sleep routines and 16 for the total score.

Socioeconomic status

We assessed socioeconomic status with a scale adapted from Graffar's method,22 and considering three categories based on the school under study (low, middle and high). These categories have been used recently in studies of Chilean children.23

Statistical analysis

We have expressed continuous variables as means and standard deviations, and categorical variables as frequency distributions. We used the Kolmogorov–Smirnoff test to assess the normality of the distributions. Analysis of variance was used to determine the differences in sleep habits (sleep quality, sleep-related anxiety, bedtime resistance, sleep routines and total score) by PA and ST categories (moderate-low vs high), adjusting for age, BMI, socioeconomic status, having a television set in the room and PA or ST depending on the independent variable included in the model. We calculated the effect size (ES) using the estimated marginal means, and subsequently classified it as small (0.20–0.50), moderate (0.51–0.80) or large (>0.80).24 Last of all, we used logistic regression models (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval [CI]) to determine the influence of adherence to PA and ST habits (independent variable=adheres to none, one, or both habits) on the probability of having sleep problems (dependent variable), adjusting for age, BMI, socioeconomic status and presence or absence of a television set in the room. We performed the statistical analysis with the SPSS software version 22 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

Table 1 shows the characteristics of the participating girls. Of all participants, 35.53% were classified as having overweight/obesity. The prevalence of sleep problems was 9.20% (total score). As for ST, 63.26% of the girls exceeded the recommended time (≥2h/day). Lastly, when the criteria for both PA (last quartile) and ST were combined, only 11.73% adhered to recommendations for both.

Table 1.

Characteristics of study participants.

  Mean  SD 
Age (Years)  12.23  0.71 
Body composition
Height (m)  1.56  0.06 
Weight (kg)  54.44  10.16 
BMI (kg/m222.21  4.58 
Self-reported sleep in children
Sleep quality (0–10)  3.32  2.03 
Sleep–related anxiety (0–10)  2.08  2.21 
Bedtime resistance (0–6)  1.52  1.45 
Sleep routines (0–6)  2.32  1.17 
Total score (0–32)  9.25  4.47 
Sedentary behaviour
Television (h/day)  1.56  0.91 
Videogames (h/day)  0.27  0.61 
Computer (h/day)  1.79  1.16 
ST (h/day)  2.43  1.09 
Physical activity
PAQ-A (1–5)  1.84  0.29 
  n 
Nutritional status
Overweight/obesity  70  35.53 
Sleep problems
Sleep quality  19  9.69 
Sleep-related anxiety  23  11.73 
Bedtime resistance  28  14.28 
Sleep routines  57  29.08 
Total score  18  9.2 
Sedentary behaviour
Television set in room  107  54.59 
Exceeds recommended limita  124  63.26 
Physical activity
High levelb  40  20.41 
Healthy habits
PA+ST  23  11.73 
Socioeconomic status
Low  38  19.38 
Middle  124  63.26 
High  34  17.35 

BMI, body mass index; PAQ-A, Physical Activity Questionnaire for adolescents20; ST, total screen time—sum of time spent using the television, videogames and computers.

a

≥2h/day.21

b

4th quartile (≥1.97).

Table 2 shows the differences in the different sleep subscales by PA and ST categories, adjusted for age, BMI, socioeconomic status, having a television in the room and PA or ST depending on the independent variable included in the model. The results showed that less active girls had higher total scores, although the differences were small (9.92 vs 8.78; ES, 0.26). On the other hand, girls that exceeded the recommended ST (≥2h/day) showed a slightly poorer sleep quality (3.05 vs 3.93; ES, 0.43) and total score (8.43 vs 10.37; ES, 0.38). Lastly, analysing PA and ST in combination we found that girls that complied with recommendations for both had a better sleep quality (3.23 vs 4.76; ES, 0.79) and a better total score (10.77 vs 8.05; ES, 0.50), differences that were moderate.

Table 2.

Differences in sleep parameters by physical activity categories,a total screen time, and both.b

  Low-moderate  High  F  P  Effect size 
Physical activity
Sleep quality  3.64±1.98  3.21±1.89  2.247  0.136  0.22 
Sleep-related anxiety  2.67±2.31  1.95±2.17  3.127  0.074  0.32 
Bedtime resistance  1.58±1.16  1.55±1.54  0.223  0.637  0.02 
Sleep routines  2.33±1.28  2.27±1.14  0.047  0.829  0.05 
Total sleep score  9.92±4.25  8.78±4.55  4.127  0.044  0.26 
  <2h/day  ≥2h/day       
Total screen time
Sleep quality  3.05±1.82  3.93±2.15  7.797  0.006  0.43 
Sleep-related anxiety  2.00±2.09  2.51±2.57  1.886  0.172  0.21 
Bedtime resistance  1.45±1.38  1.83±1.64  1.566  0.213  0.21 
Sleep routines  2.29±1.09  2.30±1.23  0.030  0.862  0.01 
Total sleep score  8.43±4.24  10.37±5.54  5.329  0.022  0.38 
  Non-adherent  Adherent       
PA+ST
Sleep quality  4.76±2.20  3.23±1.92  7.573  0.007  0.79 
Sleep-related anxiety  2.61±2.66  2.14±2.25  0.781  0.378  0.18 
Bedtime resistance  1.60±1.51  1.46±1.33  0.009  0.926  0.09 
Sleep routines  2.69±1.25  2.26±1.67  1.977  0.162  0.34 
Total sleep score  10.77±5.45  8.05±4.62  4.304  0.041  0.50 

Values expressed as mean±SD. PA, physical activity; ST, screen time. Analysis adjusted for age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, television set in the room and physical activity or total screen time depending on the independent variable.

a

Low-moderate (25–75 quartile)<1.97; high (last quartile)1.97.

b

Adherence1.97 for PA and <2h/day for ST.

Last of all, the logistic regression model showed that girls that did not adhere to recommendations for either habit (≥1.97 for PA and <2h/day of ST) were more likely to have problems in sleep quality problems (OR, 17.80; P=0.018) or in sleep overall as assessed by the total score (OR, 7.85; P=0.025) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Logistic regression model for predicting sleep problems based on adherence to healthy habits.

  OR  95% CI  P 
Sleep quality
Adheres to both habits     
Adheres to one habit  4.41  0.47–41.43  0.193 
Does not adhere to either habit  17.80  1.62–45.22  0.018 
Sleep-related anxiety
Adheres to both habits     
Adheres to one habit  3.15  0.49–20.10  0.225 
Does not adhere to either habit  1.99  0.56–7.06  0.283 
Bedtime resistance
Adheres to both habits     
Adheres to one habit  0.89  0.09–8.20  0.918 
Does not adhere to either habit  1.51  0.54–4.25  0.429 
Sleep routines
Adheres to both habits     
Adheres to one habit  1.21  0.32–4.60  0.779 
Does not adhere to either habit  0.76  0.35–1.65  0.496 
Total score
Adheres to both habits     
Adheres to one habit  2.66  0.66–10.72  0.167 
Does not adhere to either habit  7.85  1.29–47.72  0.025 

Analysis adjusted for age, body mass index, socioeconomic status and television in room.

Discussion

This study shows that healthy PA and ST habits are associated with better sleep quality. Furthermore, girls that adhere to recommendations for both PA and ST habits seem to have better sleep quality and total sleep scores. Conversely, not adhering to either habit predicted problems in the sleep quality and in total score of participating girls. Compared to their male peers, girls show lower levels of PA (assessed by accelerometry),16 worse sleep habits (assessed by electroencephalography25 or questionnaires17) and similar ST habits (they play fewer videogames but use mobile phones more).26 Thus, it seems that we should study this young population thoroughly and promote healthy habits in it. Our cross-sectional study suggests that girls should be advised to limit or decrease their ST, especially before or during sleep hours in order to minimise its negative impact on sleep and wellbeing, and to promote an active lifestyle.

The assumption that PA promotes better sleep is based on several hypotheses about energy conservation, tissue repair or temperature down-regulation in the individual.27 Recent studies have analysed this association by means of accelerometry. Accelerometers estimate the PA performed by the child over several days (usually one week), and at night they record the actual times the child falls asleep (sleep onset) and wakes up (end of sleep), calculating total sleep duration and night wakings. In this regard, a recent study reported that more active children have poorer sleep quality (more night wakings).11 Its authors noted that higher levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were associated with more fragmented sleep, although going to bed earlier was associated with less time spent in sedentary behaviour the following day. Conversely, several studies have shown a positive correlation with several sleep-quality parameters. Thus, MVPA has been associated with increased sleep efficiency (percentage of sleep per time in bed)10 and fewer night wakings,5 with some studies assessing sleep by means of electroencephalography.28 It also appears that children that go to bed and get out of bed earlier are more active during the day.9 In our study, the results of the self-administered questionnaire corroborated these findings, showing that girls that were more active achieved better total scores than their less-active peers (ES, 0.26). At the same time, compared to other populations assessed by means of this questionnaire,19,29 the girls in our sample showed a higher level of inactivity, so it would be necessary to establish whether a higher level of PA leads to better sleep10 or the other way around.11

Several studies have demonstrated the negative impact of digital media on the sleep of young individuals, especially on sleep duration30 and delayed bedtimes.31 However, their effects and the specific mechanisms involved remain unclear.7,8 Our study showed that girls with higher STs had poorer sleep quality (for example, waking at night due to some kind of pain) (ES, 0.43) and a worse total score compared to their peers with lesser STs (ES, 0.38). Some of the mechanisms that could explain this fact are greater physiological arousal, which would make it harder for girls to relax before bed, and a suppression of melatonin secretion due to exposure to the bright light of displays, which would promote delays in the circadian rhythm.32 Similarly, higher STs at bedtime could be due to an increase in educational computer use or that this age (13 years) is the minimum required to register in various popular social networks.

When it comes to both habits, we only found one study on the subject that analysed adherence to the recommendations concerning PA (>60min/day of MVPA) and ST (>2h/day) in relation to sleep quality in children.9 These authors noted that going to bed and getting up late are associated with a lesser degree of adherence to PA and ST recommendations, and thus with worse health, regardless of sleep duration. Our study supports these findings, as it suggests that the most important factor associated with poorer sleep quality (ES=0.79) and total score (ES=0.50) is non-adherence with recommendations for both of these habits. Furthermore, non-adherence seems to predict sleep quality problems and sleep problems in general (total score). This fact may be due to girls devoting more time to digital media and consequently reducing the time spent sleeping or in other activities related to good sleep hygiene (for example, PA). Thus, we would expect a perception of decreased sleep and poorer sleep quality.17

Limitations

There are limitations to the study that ought to be considered: (a) it is a cross-sectional study, and thus the results cannot be used to establish causality; (b) self-reported data may be biased and do not provide the direct measurements of sleep that can otherwise be obtained by electroencephalography or accelerometry; (c) the answers to the sleep questionnaire are based on the past week, which may make detection of sleep problems difficult, as it requires a longer assessment period,17 and the questionnaire does not differentiate between weekdays and weekends; (d) the data obtained on the levels of PA and ST (sedentary habits) cannot provide a precise representation of the variables under study; and last of all (e) we did not take into account the pubertal development of the girls, an aspect that could influence their anthropometric measurements and possibly their sleep quality.33

Conclusions

The findings of this study point to the need to analyse the impact of PA and ST habits in combination for the prevention of sleep-related disorders and associated health parameters, including obesity. However, the discrepancies found between questionnaires and objective measures suggest that further research is needed that uses objective measurements (accelerometry) to establish conclusive results on the matter, as well as randomised controlled interventions that promote both habits.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Please cite this article as: Aguilar MM, Vergara FA, Velásquez EJA, García-Hermoso A. Actividad física, tiempo de pantalla y patrones de sueño en niñas chilenas. An Pediatr (Barc). 2015;83:304–310.

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